Cause and effect essay

MERY ARIANSYAH

1235511179 / 16

English Department / Semester 4

Increasing of Sexual Harassment toward Children

Nowadays, crimes can be found every time and everywhere. We need to be careful in whatever situation, because we do not know exactly when that crime comes to us. Abduction, violation, terrorism, and robbery are kinds of crimes which we can find easily in our environment. The most terrible one is sexual harassment toward children. In Indonesia, sexual harassment toward children has been increased since 2012. The increasing of it in 2014 is higher than others. There are so many effects of sexual harassment toward children. The victims of sexual harassment especially children can get psychological problems, sexual diseases, and their parents’ anxiety will be increased toward their children’s safety.

The biggest damage of sexual harassment toward children is getting psychological problems. As everybody knows children have unstable emotion. So that they get psychological problem easily when sexual harassment comes down on their life. There are some psychological problems which may happen. First, children will fell powerlessness. Why can it be? Because they feel really different with another children which is caused by their physical defect. Consequently they will feel shy and have no confidence any more. The second psychological problem is sexual pathology called Pedophilia. The victims of sexual harassment will be agents of sexual harassment itself one day when they are adult. It is really bad habit as their revenge to cover their sadness which is given before. If they do it successfully, they will feel very satisfied. The third is children can get sexual trauma. The serious trauma will exist as long as they remember the sexual harassment which happened in their self before. They will get a lot of problems that have relation with love and sex when they are adult. They always think negatively about their partner due to their serious trauma.

Getting sexual diseases is one of serious effect of sexual harassment. Some of sexual diseases such as, HIV/AIDS, infection, bleeding, and many more can happen toward children as victims of sexual harassment. Children have lower antibody than adult. Therefore they can get serious infection quickly. The cells formation of their body are not complete yet, while the agents of sexual harassment infect them with a million bacteria and virus. Finally, the terrible death comes with no permission.

Their parents’ anxiety will be increased toward their children’s safety because of sexual harassment. All of parents are afraid of this sexual harassment. Their anxiety will be higher because they never know and guest who can do this bad action to their children. In addition, most of children spend their time in the outside, like during learning at school, having a course, playing games with their friends, etc. Parents feel so hard to control their children during having activities in the outside. Their children meet and know some persons every day no matter who kind of persons they are. If children feel happy with someone, they will enjoy the friendship easily without thinking any kinds of risks. Based on this character, their chance of being victims of sexual harassment is very big. So their parents’ anxiety is getting higher and higher.

In conclusion, psychological problems, sexual diseases, and the increasing of their parents’ anxiety, are effects of sexual harassment toward children. Although the effects seem very difficult to be decreased directly, at least we all can minimize the sexual harassment in our environment. The most important we need to know is nothing is impossible as long as we want to try and struggle on it. Think positively, and take action!

June 18, 2014

Writing Comparison and Contrast Essay

MERY ARIANSYAH

1235511179

Fourth Semester of English Department

Writing Comparison and Contrast Essay

Flat Shoes and High Heels:

The Similarities and Differences

Woman’s fashion world is a lasting topic. No matter how long we have discussed it, there are always new topics that would come to our mind. Therefore we are still discussing it more and more. And now, we are as a modern women who live in an era where everything is influenced by globalization should know the similarities and differences between flat shoes and high heels.

Firstly, we are going to talk about the functions of flat shoes and high heels. Like flat shoes, high heels are shoes. Both of them can be categorized as shoes which cover and protect our feet from the dangers things. Flat shoes can be used when we go travelling, shopping, camping, dancing, or joining informal situation, and so on. In contrast, high heels can be used in formal situation, like attending the invitation of wedding party. Someone usually uses according to the  condition of occupation. For example models and singers must use it for their job in order to look more fashionable and stylish.

Secondly, we should know the types of flat shoes and high heels. All of types of flat shoes are cute, modern, beautiful, and high heels are too. On one hand, types of flat shoes are fewer than high heels, on the other hand, high heels have several types such as wedges, stiletto, and so on. Unlike flat shoes that have no heel, high heels have varieties of heel. It can be 17 centimeter, 12 centimeter, 10 centimeter, 8 centimeter, etc.

Flat shoes and high heels are beautiful shoes. Both of them make our style looks good and stylish. Which shoes that we choose should depend on what we need and what make our feet feel comfort. The important one is we must use shoes that match with the moment, situation, or program that we are going to attend. Think smarter and do better.

Chasing Your Dreams

Chasing Your Dreams

If you want to make your dreams come true, the first thing you have to do is wake up.  ~J.M. Power

They will tell you that you’re crazy. They will shrink away from you because you are too much, too passionate, too intense, too driven, too fixated, too focused, too obsessive. They won’t understand where you got the idea into your head to be this way, they’ll try to change you, they will try to temper you, to slow you down, to make you quiet, to distract you, to shut you up. Don’t let them. They will call you crazy. Don’t listen to them. Do not let them influence you.

Worthwhile things are often difficult. Don’t worry about those people who talk behind your back, they are behind you for a reason. Because of those people, you will learn how to drown out the commentary that doesn’t do you any good. You will learn which voices you ought to listen to, which voices you should ignore, which voices are lying, and which voices actually have your best interest at heart.

Sometime you might be crazy, but you should be. The world needs more crazy. The world needs more passion and more desire and more mania and more outlandish dreams. The world needs people who are willing to put it all on the line, to fall in love too soon, to take a risk and jump and forget about the consequences and really live. And it’s by being crazy and going out on those limbs that you’ll find them. Besides, those limbs are where you’ll find yourself. There are three point you must do to make your dream comes true.

1.      Make sure what dream you are getting to chase

Keep in mind what your dreams are. Type it in you deep heart with using text bold, giving great underline, and don’t forget to use a quotation mark. Be who you were created to be, and you will set the world on fire. Every great dream begin with a dreamer. Always remember that you are braver than you believe, stronger than you seem, and smarter than you think. Always remember you have within you the strength, the patience, and the passion to reach for the stars and to change the world.

2.      Struggle on it

Having a dream and chasing that dream are two very different things. Some of people only dream to have or to be something, while the others work for it. Take action! You need to stop saying “I WISH” and start saying “I WILL”. You need to work hard and stay strong. If you fail, just let it go and try with another way. Just because you fail once, it doesn’t mean you are going to fail at everything. Keep trying, hold on, and always, always, always believe in yourself because if you don’t, then  who will? So, keep your head high, keep your chin up. You are so amazing to chase all of you dreams. But, why are you still wait and wait? What for? What are you waiting? The dreams never comes to everyone who oly sit and get daydreaming. So, tell me what makes you scared? GOD gave you everything that you need. You have brains in your head. You have feet in your shoes. You can steer yourself any direction you choose. You are on your own. And you know what you know. And you are the one who will decide where to go. Stop being paralyzed. Stop waiting Friday. Live now. Do it now. Take risk. This life is yours. The greatest pleasure in life is doing what people say you can’t do.

3.      Pray and smile

Now you have worked hard of your dreams. The last thing that you must do is praying to your GOD. Because of his blessing, you can build your power, your energy, your spirit, and your passion to make the dreams can be applied in  your life, or can be held by yourself. And most importantly, keep smiling because lifes a beautiful thing and there is so much to smile about.

Communicative Language Teaching (CLT)

MERY ARIANSYAH

Fourth Semester of English Department

1235511179

Summary of The Twelfth Meeting on June 26, 2014

Communicative Language Teaching (CLT)

o   CLT can be understood as a set of principles about the goals of language teaching, how learners learn a language, the kinds of classroom activities that best facilitate learning, and the roles of teachers and learners in the classroom.

CLT is a language teaching method developed from the prior methods such as Situational Language Teaching and Audio Lingual methods.

One of the characteristics of CLT is the combination between functional and structural aspects. Structurally, CLT emphasizes on grammar or language structure, while functionally CLT emphasizes on the language usage.

CLT also emphasizes on situation. In CLT there are integrated skills (reading, writing, listening, speaking, vocabulary, and  grammar).

o   The Background

The origins of Communicative Language Teaching (CLT) are to be found in the changes in the British language teaching tradition dating from the late 1960s.

o   The Underlying Reason

Linguists saw the need to focus in language teaching on communicative proficiency rather than mere mastery of structures.

o   The Objective of CLT

Students will learn:

•      how to use the language as a means to express something

•      how to use the language to express their ideas and thoughts.

•      how to express the most suitable expressions in real communication.

•      CLT makes use of almost every activity involving learners in a authentic communication.

o   The goal of Communicative language teaching is communicative competence (CC). Communicative competence is the ability to use the target  language communicatively.

o   The Notions of C.C

C.C. includes the following aspects of language knowledge:

1.      Knowing how to use language for a range of different purposes and functions

2.      Knowing how to vary our use of language according to the setting and the participants

3.      Knowing how to produce and understand different types of texts(e.g., narratives, reports, interviews, conversations)

4.      Knowing how to maintain communication despite having limitations in one’s language knowledge (e.g., through using different kinds of communication strategies)

o   The Characteristics of CLT

1.      Meaning is paramount.

2.      Dialogs, if used, center around communicative functions and are not normally memorized.

3.      Contextualization is a basic premise.

4.      Language learning is learning to communicate.

5.      Effective communication is sought.

6.      Drilling may occur, but peripherally.

7.      Comprehensible pronunciation is sought.

8.      Any device which helps the learners is accepted - varying according to their age, interest, etc.

9.      Translation may he used where students need or benefit from it.

10.  The target linguistic system will be learned best through the process of struggling to communicate.

11.  Communicative competence is the desired goal (i.e. the ability to use the linguistic system effectively and appropriately).

12.  Teachers help learners in any way that motivates them to work with the language.

13.  Language is created by the individual often through trial and error.

14.  Students are expected to interact with other people, either in the flesh, through pair and group work, or in their writings.

o   Eight Principles of CLT

Berns (1990, 104) provides a useful summary of eight principles of CLT:

1.      Language teaching is based on a view of language as communication.

2.      Diversity is recognized and accepted as part of language development

3.      A learner’s competence is considered in relative, not in absolute, terms.

4.       More than one variety of a language is recognized as a viable model for learning and teaching.

5.      Culture is recognized as instrumental in shaping speakers’ communicative competence, in both their first and subsequent languages.

6.      No single methodology or fixed set of techniques is prescribed.

7.      Language use is recognized as serving ideational, interpersonal, and textual functions and is related to the development of learners’ competence in each.

8.       It is essential that learners be engaged in doing things with language—that is, that they use language for a variety of purposes in all phases of learning.

o   Grammar in CLT

•      Canale and Swain (1980) did not suggest that grammar was unimportant.

•      Savignon (1971) study did not suggest that teachers forsake grammar instruction.